ATOC 1060 Overheads (and then some) El Nino Lectures March 29 and April 2

Figure 1 - What is El Nino?
Figure 2 - Wind direction and magnitude and water temperature at 110 W, equator
Figure 3 - Monthly average sea-surface temperatures at the equator, 1986-1998 (from NOAA)
Figure 4 - Maps of sea-surface temperatures for El Nino, La Nina, and normal conditions
Figure 5 - Global map of regional climatic impacts of El Nino
Figure 6 - Impact of El Nino on precipitation (in mm....note divide by 25 for inches, not 4!!)
Figure 7 - Extreme weather events due to 1998 El Nino in the United States
Figure 8 - Global map of impact of 1982-1983 El Nino event on precipitation
Figure 9 - El Nino distorts the normal pressure surfaces in the north-east Pacific Ocean (compare to normal)

Paleoclimate Lectures - April 5 and April 7

Figure 1 - Record of past El Nino events based on isotopes of oxygen
Figure 2 - Paleo record of temperature in the northern hemisphere from 1400 AD to present
Figure 3 - Correlation of northern hemisphere temperatures from Figure 2 with solar and atmospheric CO2 variations
Figure 4 - Inferred global average northern hemisphere average temperatures based on "bore holes" (red) compared to air temperature measurements
Figure 5 - Average precipitation (in mm of water) over Antarctica
Figure 6 - Ice core record of global temperature (based on isotopes) going back over 2000 years!
Figure 7 - Distribution of forests in the eastern US and Canada since the last ice age, based on pollen records
Figure 8 - Cross section of a tree used for determining climate based on the width of tree rings
Figure 9 - Cross section of layering in coral used for determining changes in sea surface temperatures
Figure 10 - Reconstruction of sea surface temperatures from the last ice age, based on paleoclimate data
 

Ice Ages and Milankovitch Cycles - April 9
 

Figure 1 - Painting of a Dutch river frozen over during the period of the "little ice age"
Figure 2 - Historical record of earth's average temperature deduced from "proxy" records
Figure 3 - Tilt of the earth's axis and eccentricity of orbit play key roles in controlling the distribution of sunlight on earth
Figure 4 - Schematic of the precession of the equinoxes that affects the seasonality of sunlight falling on the earth
Figure 5 - Chart of distribution of plant habitats (biomes) on earth, present day
Figure 6 - Chart of distribution of biones on earth during last ice age
Figure 7 - Present day forests and deserts on earth
Figure 8 - Forests and deserts on earth 5000 years ago
Figure 9 - Forests and deserts on earth during last ice age
Figure 10 - Distribution of land types during last ice age 15,000 years before present
Figure 11 - Western US map of land types during last ice age
 

 Ozone depletion - April 14, 16
 

Figure 1 - A schematic of the processes that transport chlorine to the stratosphere
Figure 2 - Pie chart showing the contributions of different chlorine compounds to the stratosphere
Figure 3 - Altitude profiles of CFC-11 and CF4 showing that CFC-11 breaks down in the stratosphere
Figure 4 - What's wrong with this "commentary"?
Figure 5 -  The "differences" between ozone in the troposphere and in the stratosphere
Figure 6 - It takes these chemical reactions and more to calculate ozone abundances in the stratosphere
Figure 7 - Ozone absorbs in the UV where there isn't much sunlight, but what little is there is lethal
Figure 8 - Diagram showing why UV radiation at 300-315 nm (UVb) is harmful
Figure 9 - Things aren't always what they seem
 

Climate Change - The Human Dimension, April 19, 21, 23
 

Figure 1 - Measurements of Carbon Dioxide from Mauna Loa and South Pole, 1957-1990
Figure 2 - The expected change in radiative forcing ("heating") of the earth's surface by various processes
Figure 3 - Map of biological productivity in the world's oceans
Figure 4 - Reconstructed abundances of atmospheric CO2 for the past ~1000 years from ice cores
Figure 5 - Reconstructed CO2, temperature change, and methane for the past ~220,000 years, for ice cores