Emissions of Black Carbon by Rockets (or "A Tale of Two Boulders")
"...a terrific win for us" - but at what cost to the environment?
"...fuel which provides none of the toxins that are present in the solid rockets used by the Space Shuttle and satellite launches. Less fuel and clean fuel all adds up to a space launch system which would be completely unprecedented in its low environmental impact." (Virgin Galactic, June 11, 2009)
"The Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) Space Systems Group announces the successful completion of two critical milestones for NASA’s Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) Program. On September 21, 2010, SNC completed three successful test firings of a single hybrid rocket motor in one day. "
(SNC Press Release, Oct. 11, 2010)
"If the space tourism industry matures to the point that 1,000 hybrid-powered suborbital flights depart annually, those trips would deposit roughly 600 metric tons of soot into the stratosphere each year. Over decades of launches, those emissions would form a persistent and asymmetric cloud over the northern hemisphere that could impact atmospheric circulation and regional temperatures far more than the greenhouse gases released into the stratosphere by those same flights."
(Scientific American, October 23, 2010)
Rockets and Future Ozone Depletion
"Increased international space launches and the potential commercial space travel boom could mean that rockets will soon emerge as the worst offenders in terms of ozone depletion, according to the study, published in the March issue of the journal Astropolitics." (National Geographic, April 14, 2009)
Low-Altitude Stratospheric
Ozone Losses
"New findings by University of Colorado at
Boulder researchers indicate ozone losses due to the breakdown of
chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, occur much faster than previously
believed at higher latitudes roughly 10 miles above Earth."
(EurekAlert, May 28, 2002)